220 26296 article Path: news.gmane.org!not-for-mail From: "'Jeffrey Yasskin' via ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals" Newsgroups: gmane.comp.lang.c++.isocpp.proposals Subject: Re: Any interest to adding audio support to the std library? 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[2607:f8b0:4001:c06::231]) by mx.google.com with ESMTPS id c18si7407233itc.77.2016.06.12.05.20.37 for (version=TLS1_2 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 bits=128/128); Sun, 12 Jun 2016 05:20:37 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of jyasskin@google.com designates 2607:f8b0:4001:c06::231 as permitted sender) client-ip=2607:f8b0:4001:c06::231; Original-Received: by mail-io0-x231.google.com with SMTP id d2so12737530iof.0 for ; Sun, 12 Jun 2016 05:20:37 -0700 (PDT) X-Received: by 10.107.149.66 with SMTP id x63mr15426053iod.141.1465734036780; Sun, 12 Jun 2016 05:20:36 -0700 (PDT) Original-Received: by 10.64.225.228 with HTTP; Sun, 12 Jun 2016 05:20:36 -0700 (PDT) Original-Received: by 10.64.225.228 with HTTP; Sun, 12 Jun 2016 05:20:36 -0700 (PDT) In-Reply-To: X-Original-Sender: jyasskin@google.com X-Original-Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; dkim=pass header.i=@google.com; spf=pass (google.com: domain of jyasskin@google.com designates 2607:f8b0:4001:c06::231 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=jyasskin@google.com; dmarc=pass (p=REJECT dis=NONE) header.from=google.com X-Original-From: Jeffrey Yasskin Precedence: list Mailing-list: list std-proposals@isocpp.org; contact std-proposals+owners@isocpp.org List-ID: X-Spam-Checked-In-Group: std-proposals@isocpp.org X-Google-Group-Id: 399137483710 List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , Xref: news.gmane.org gmane.comp.lang.c++.isocpp.proposals:26296 Archived-At: --001a11490eb69953ee053513ccfb Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable It doesn't have to go through boost, but I would like to see a public repository with a bunch of users. On Jun 12, 2016 5:00 AM, "dgutson ." wrote: > Sorry top posting or if this has been already pointed. > Is there any reason this hasn't been submitted to Boost and let it mature > there for few years? > El 3/6/2016 6:37, escribi=C3=B3: > >> I have drafted some ideas on how I think the c++ std library could >> support audio functionality. >> >> I know that audio functionality is a very operating specific problem, bu= t >> with the recent trend towards implementing a file-system library and >> possibly a graphics library I believe that audio would not be too much o= f a >> reach anymore. >> >> Here are some of the ideas I have so far. I have both some code examples >> of the intended usage as well as a list of the types needed to implement >> the given examples. >> >> Please keep in mind my drafts are still very rough. >> >> >> CODE EXAMPLES >> >> //std::audio example 1 "single process" >> void example_1(){ >> double sample_rate =3D 44100; >> std::size_t frame_size =3D2; >> std::size_t buffer_size=3D128; >> >> std::audio_context ctx{sample_rate,buffer_size,frame_size};//= contruct >> from values >> >> std::astream_process proc(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input, >> std::oastream& output){ >> std::frame_buffer& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer();//borrow = a >> buffer from the context for usage >> //prevents the need for dynamic allocation of a temporary buffer >> input>>buff;//stream data into buffer for manipulation >> for(auto&& frame: buff){ >> frame=3D0.0;//do something with audio >> } >> output<> });//dsp object >> //uses implied routing equivilent to >> //std::aout<> // >> >> proc.start(); >> //do other stuff >> proc.stop(); >> } >> >> //std::audio example 2 "process group" >> void example_2(){ >> >> std::audio_context ctx;//default context created with >> std::default_* values >> >> //version 1: capture context via lambda >> std::astream_process proc1(ctx,[&ctx](std::iastream const& >> input, std::oastream& output){ >> std::frame_buffer& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer(); >> input>>buff; >> for(auto&& frame: buff){ >> frame*=3D0.5; >> } >> output<> });//dsp object >> >> //version 2: have context passed as argument >> std::astream_process proc2(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input, >> std::oastream& output,std::audio_context const& context){ >> std::frame_buffer& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer(); >> input>>buff; >> for(auto&& frame: buff){ >> frame*=3D2.0; >> } >> output<> }); >> >> std::process_group pgroup;//a group of processes that will >> happen consecutivley >> pgroup.push(proc1);//add to group >> pgroup.push(proc2);//add to group >> >> //configure stream relationships in terms of std::ain / std:aout >> manually >> //std::ain/std::aout are std::astream globals that refer to the >> default audio inputs and outputs supplied by the context in use >> //std::ain/std::aout will route the audio to the enpoint specified >> by the context reference held by the process that is streaming the data >> std::aout<> //std::ain>>proc2>>proc1>>std::aout;//method 2 >> >> pgroup.start(); >> //do other stuff >> pgroup.stop(); >> >> } >> >> >> //std::audio example 3 "audio files" >> void example_3(){ >> >> std::audio_context ctx; >> >> std::astream_process proc(ctx,[](std::iafstream const& input, >> std::oafstream& output){ >> std::frame_buffer& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer(); >> input>>buff; >> for(auto&& frame: buff){ >> frame=3D0.0; >> } >> output<> });//dsp object >> >> std::iafstream audio_file1(ctx,"filename1.extension");//an audio >> file handle >> std::oafstream audio_file2(ctx,"filename2.extension");//an audio >> file handle >> >> //routing >> audio_file2<> file >> //audio_file1>>proc>>audio_file2;//equivilent syntax >> proc.start(); >> //do other stuff >> proc.stop(); >> } >> >> >> //std::audio example 4 "combination routing" >> void example_3(){ >> >> std::audio_context ctx; >> //manually select hardware endpoints >> std::size_t device_id =3D ctx.default_device_id(); >> std::iastream input_device =3D ctx.get_device( >> device_id); >> std::oastream output_device =3D ctx.get_device( >> device_id); >> >> std::astream_process proc(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input, >> std::oastream& output, >> std::iafstream const& >> input_file, >> std::oafstream& output_file >> ){ >> std::frame_buffer& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer(); >> (input + input_file)>>buff;//add streams to perform sum before >> writing to buffer >> //or you could use seperate buffers >> //like this >> /* >> std::frame_buffer buff1; >> std::frame_buffer buff2; >> >> input>>buff1; >> input_file>>buff2; >> buff1+=3Dbuff2;//buffer arithmatic >> */ >> output<> the file out >> output_file<> }); >> >> std::iafstream audio_file1(ctx,"filename1.extension");//the actual >> files to be used above >> std::oafstream audio_file2(ctx,"filename2.extension"); >> >> //connect the files to the process >> //connect the hardware device to the process >> audio_file2<> output_device<> proc.start(); >> //do other stuff >> proc.stop(); >> } >> >> >> >> REQUIRED LIBRARY MEMBERS >> >> >> namespace std{ >> inline namespace audio{ >> //working context for audio flow >> template >> class audio_context; >> /* >> *The context in which all audio data is centered. >> *Contains: sampling rate, buffer size, frame size, etc... >> *The values of ain,aout,afin,afout refer to the endpoints define= d >> by the context, when applied to routing on a porocess tied to the contex= t >> *think of a context as the program level driver object >> */ >> >> //audio streams (think like std::fstream and its friends) >> class astream;//audio stream >> class oastream;//output audio stream >> class iastream;//input audio stream >> class oafstream;//output audio file stream >> class iafstream;//input audio file stream >> >> >> //stream endpoints >> class ain;//audio input endpoint >> class aout;//audio output endpoint >> class afin;//audio file input endpoint >> class afout//audio file output endpoint >> >> //stream processing >> template >> class astream_process;//a dsp process applied to a stream >> >> template >> class process_group;//a group of processes that will act as one >> >> //containers >> template >> class frame_buffer;//a sequence container that is resizeable at >> runtime, but only with explicit resize calls. contains frames(see below) >> /*Implementation note on frame_buffer >> *frame_buffer is intended to hold N number of frames which >> themselves can hold M number of samples >> *meaning that the total size in samples if frame_buffer =3D N *= M >> *ideally frame_buffers representation of its sample data will b= e >> continuous in memory >> */ >> >> template >> class frame;//a container that holds samples, thin array wrapper >> >> >> //hardware representation >> class device;//an audio device as recognized by the OS >> class input_device;//an input device >> class output_device;//an output device >> >> // audio file formats >> enum class afformat{ >> raw,//raw headerless audio bytes, interpreted only by the >> settings of the context. >> //best used for temporary storage within the life of a >> context >> wav, >> flac//etc... >> } >> } >> } >> >> >> >> -- >> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Group= s >> "ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals" group. >> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send a= n >> email to std-proposals+unsubscribe@isocpp.org. >> To post to this group, send email to std-proposals@isocpp.org. >> To view this discussion on the web visit >> https://groups.google.com/a/isocpp.org/d/msgid/std-proposals/f490fd21-cf= 07-4d7b-8936-c71c97a1ab9d%40isocpp.org >> >> . >> > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to std-proposals+unsubscribe@isocpp.org. > To post to this group, send email to std-proposals@isocpp.org. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/a/isocpp.org/d/msgid/std-proposals/CAFdMc-0Dj4B= GW0v8ORrcgGM54D5_ZunT2At0OWFEDFr-3CYWBw%40mail.gmail.com > > . > --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an e= mail to std-proposals+unsubscribe@isocpp.org. To post to this group, send email to std-proposals@isocpp.org. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/a/isocpp= ..org/d/msgid/std-proposals/CANh-dXkYYpdDk7Xjegr7Byu1BpWE-ZiaCyyV_EMS-4%3D2n= W1iDw%40mail.gmail.com. --001a11490eb69953ee053513ccfb Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

It doesn't have to go through boost, but I would like to= see a public repository with a bunch of users.


On Jun 12, 2016 5= :00 AM, "dgutson ." <danielgutson@gmail.com> wrote:

Sorry top posting or if this has been alr= eady pointed.
Is there any reason this hasn't been submitted to Boost and let it matu= re there for few years?

El 3/6/2016 6:37, <alexander.zywicki@gmail.com>= escribi=C3=B3:
I have drafted some ideas on how I think the c++ std library c= ould support audio functionality.

I know that audio functionality i= s a very operating specific problem, but with the recent trend towards impl= ementing a file-system library and possibly a graphics library I believe th= at audio would not be too much of a reach anymore.

Here are some of = the ideas I have so far. I have both some code examples of the intended usa= ge as well as a list of the types needed to implement the given examples.
Please keep in mind my drafts are still very rough.


CODE E= XAMPLES

//std::audio example 1 "single = process"
void example_1(){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 double sample_rate =3D 4= 4100;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::size_t frame_size =3D2;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::size_t buffer_size=3D128;

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 s= td::aud= io_context<float> ctx{sample_rate,buffer_size,<= span style=3D"color:#000">frame_size};//contruct from values

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::astream_process<float> proc(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input, std::oastream& output){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::frame_buffer<float>& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer();//borrow a buffer from= the context for usage
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //prevents the need for dyn= amic allocation of a temporary buffer
= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 input>>= buff;//stream data into buffer for manipulation<= /span>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 for(auto&& frame: buff){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 f= rame=3D= 0.0;//d= o something with audio
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 }
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 output<<buff;//stream to output
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 }= );//dsp object
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //uses implied r= outing equivilent to
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //std::aout<<proc<<std::ain;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc.start= ();
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 //do other stuff
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc.stop();
}

//s= td::audio example 2 "process group"
void example_2(){

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::audio_context<float> ctx;//default context cre= ated with std::default_* values

= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //version 1: capture contex= t via lambda
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std<= span style=3D"color:#660">::astream_proce= ss<float> proc1(ctx,[&ctx](std::iastream const& input, std::oastream& output<= span style=3D"color:#660">){
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::frame_buffer<float&= gt;& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 input>>buff;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 for= (auto&a= mp;& frame: buff){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 frame*=3D0.5;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 }
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 outp= ut<<buff;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 });//dsp object

=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 //version 2: have context pass= ed as argument
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::astream_pro= cess<float> proc2(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input, std::oastream& output<= span style=3D"color:#660">,std::audio_context<float> const& context){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= std::f= rame_buffer<float>& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer();
=C2=A0= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 input>>buff;<= span style=3D"color:#000">
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 for(auto&& frame: buff){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 frame<= /span>*=3D2.0<= /span>;
=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 }
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 output<<buff;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <= /span>});
<= br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::process_group<float>= ; pgroup;//a group of processes that will happen= consecutivley
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 pgroup.push(proc1);//add to gr= oup
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 pgroup.push(proc2);//add to group<= span style=3D"color:#000">

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //configure stream relationships in terms of std::ain / std:aout man= ually
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //std::ain/std::aout are std::astream globals that refer to= the default audio inputs and outputs supplied by the context in use=
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //std::ain/std::aout will route the audio to the enpoint specified by t= he context reference held by the process that is streaming the data<= span style=3D"color:#000">
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::aout<<proc1<<proc2<<std::ain;//method 1
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = //std::ain>>proc2>>proc1>>std::aout;//method 2

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 pgroup.start();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //do other stuff=C2=A0 =C2=A0 pgroup.stop();

}


//std::audi= o example 3 "audio files"
void exam= ple_3(){

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::= audio_context&= lt;float> ctx;

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::astream_pro= cess<float> proc(ctx,[](std::iafstream const& input, std::oafstream& output= ){
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::frame_buffer<float&= gt;& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 input>>buff;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 for= (auto&a= mp;& frame: buff){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 frame=3D0.0;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 }
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 outp= ut<<buff;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 });//dsp object

=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 std::iafstream audio_file1(ctx,"filename1.extension");//an audio file handle
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::oafstream audio_file2(ctx,"filename2.ext= ension");//an audio file handle

=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 //routing
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 audio_file2<<proc<<audio_file1;//take input from file= nad write to file
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //audio_file1>>proc>>audio_file2;/= /equivilent syntax
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc<= /span>.start();
= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //do other stuff
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc.stop();
}


//std::audio example 4 "combination routing"
void example_3(){=

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::audio_context<= span style=3D"color:#080"><float> c= tx;
= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //manually select hardware = endpoints
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::size_t device_id= =3D ct= x.defau= lt_device_id();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::iastream input_device =3D ctx.get_device<std::input_device>(device_id);
=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 std::oastream output_device =3D ctx.get_device<<= span style=3D"color:#000">std::output_device>= (device_id);

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::astream_process<= /span><float> proc(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input,
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::oastream& output,
=C2=A0= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 s= td::iaf= stream const& input_file,
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0std::oafstream& out= put_file){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::<= /span>frame_buffer<float>& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 (input + input_file)>>buff= ;//add streams= to perform sum before writing to buffer<= br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //or you c= ould use seperate buffers
=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //like this
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 /*
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::frame_buf= fer<float> buff1;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::f= rame_buffer<float> buff2;

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 input>>buff1;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 inp= ut_file>>buff2;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 buff1+= =3Dbuff2;//buffer arithmatic
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 */
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 output<<buff;//send the conten= ts of buff to the hardware out and the file out
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 output_file<<buff;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 });

=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 std::iafstream audio_file1(ctx,"filename1.extension");//the actual files to be use= d above
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::oafstream audio_fi= le2(ctx= ,"= filename2.extension");

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //connect the files to the process
= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //connect the hardware devi= ce to the process
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 audio_= file2<<proc<<audio_file1;//take input from file=C2=A0 =C2=A0 output_device<<proc<<= input_device;//also take from hardware
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc.start();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //do other stuff
=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 proc.stop();
}
<= br>

REQUIRED LIBRARY MEMBERS


name= space std{
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 inline namespace audio{
=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //working context for a= udio flow
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = template<typename>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= =C2=A0 class audio_context;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 /*
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 *The context in which all audio da= ta is centered.
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 *Contains: sampling rate, bu= ffer size, frame size, etc...
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 *The values of= ain,aout,afin,afout refer to the endpoints defined by the context, when ap= plied to routing on a porocess tied to the context
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 *think of a context as the program level driver object
=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 */

=C2=A0 =C2=A0= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //audio streams (think lik= e std::fstream and its friends)
=C2=A0= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class astream;//audio stream
= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class<= span style=3D"color:#000"> oastream;//output audio stream
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = class iastream;//input audio stream
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class oafstream;//output audio file = stream
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class iafs= tream;/= /input audio file stream


=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //stream endpoin= ts
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = class ain;//audio inp= ut endpoint
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 class aout;//audio output endpoint
=C2=A0 =C2=A0= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class afin;//audio file input endpoint=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class afout//audio= file output endpoint

=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //stream processing
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 template<typename= >
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class astrea= m_process;//a dsp process applied to a stream
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 template= <typename>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = class process_group;//a group of processes that = will act as one

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 //containers
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 template<typename>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class frame_buffer= ;//a sequence = container that is resizeable at runtime, but only with explicit resize call= s. contains frames(see below)
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 /*Implementation not= e on frame_buffer
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*frame_buffer is int= ended to hold N number of frames which themselves can hold M number of samp= les
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*meaning that the total size in sa= mples if frame_buffer =3D N * M
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*ideal= ly frame_buffers representation of its sample data will be continuous in me= mory
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 */
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 template= <typename>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = class frame;//a container that holds samples, th= in array wrapper


=C2=A0 =C2=A0= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //hardware representation<= /span>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class device;//an audio = device as recognized by the OS
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class input_device;<= span style=3D"color:#800">//an input device
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class output_device;//an output device

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 // audio file formats
=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 enum class afformat{
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 raw,//raw he= aderless audio bytes, interpreted only by the settings of the context.
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = //best used for temporary storage within = the life of a context
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 wav,
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 flac= //etc...
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 }=
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 }
}



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