220 26289 article Path: news.gmane.org!not-for-mail From: "dgutson ." Newsgroups: gmane.comp.lang.c++.isocpp.proposals Subject: Re: Any interest to adding audio support to the std library? 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[2607:f8b0:4001:c0b::236]) by mx.google.com with ESMTPS id z185si5886750itg.13.2016.06.11.20.00.03 for (version=TLS1_2 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 bits=128/128); Sat, 11 Jun 2016 20:00:03 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of danielgutson@gmail.com designates 2607:f8b0:4001:c0b::236 as permitted sender) client-ip=2607:f8b0:4001:c0b::236; Original-Received: by mail-it0-x236.google.com with SMTP id z189so24653496itg.0 for ; Sat, 11 Jun 2016 20:00:03 -0700 (PDT) X-Received: by 10.36.138.197 with SMTP id v188mr8863473itd.82.1465700402092; Sat, 11 Jun 2016 20:00:02 -0700 (PDT) Original-Received: by 10.36.61.144 with HTTP; Sat, 11 Jun 2016 20:00:01 -0700 (PDT) Original-Received: by 10.36.61.144 with HTTP; Sat, 11 Jun 2016 20:00:01 -0700 (PDT) In-Reply-To: X-Original-Sender: danielgutson@gmail.com X-Original-Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; dkim=pass header.i=@gmail.com; spf=pass (google.com: domain of danielgutson@gmail.com designates 2607:f8b0:4001:c0b::236 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=danielgutson@gmail.com; dmarc=pass (p=NONE dis=NONE) header.from=gmail.com Precedence: list Mailing-list: list std-proposals@isocpp.org; contact std-proposals+owners@isocpp.org List-ID: X-Spam-Checked-In-Group: std-proposals@isocpp.org X-Google-Group-Id: 399137483710 List-Post: , List-Help: , List-Archive: List-Subscribe: , List-Unsubscribe: , Xref: news.gmane.org gmane.comp.lang.c++.isocpp.proposals:26289 Archived-At: --94eb2c08e626d0615d05350bf791 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Sorry top posting or if this has been already pointed. Is there any reason this hasn't been submitted to Boost and let it mature there for few years? El 3/6/2016 6:37, escribi=C3=B3: > I have drafted some ideas on how I think the c++ std library could suppor= t > audio functionality. > > I know that audio functionality is a very operating specific problem, but > with the recent trend towards implementing a file-system library and > possibly a graphics library I believe that audio would not be too much of= a > reach anymore. > > Here are some of the ideas I have so far. I have both some code examples > of the intended usage as well as a list of the types needed to implement > the given examples. > > Please keep in mind my drafts are still very rough. > > > CODE EXAMPLES > > //std::audio example 1 "single process" > void example_1(){ > double sample_rate =3D 44100; > std::size_t frame_size =3D2; > std::size_t buffer_size=3D128; > > std::audio_context ctx{sample_rate,buffer_size,frame_size};//c= ontruct > from values > > std::astream_process proc(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input, > std::oastream& output){ > std::frame_buffer& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer();//borrow a > buffer from the context for usage > //prevents the need for dynamic allocation of a temporary buffer > input>>buff;//stream data into buffer for manipulation > for(auto&& frame: buff){ > frame=3D0.0;//do something with audio > } > output< });//dsp object > //uses implied routing equivilent to > //std::aout< // > > proc.start(); > //do other stuff > proc.stop(); > } > > //std::audio example 2 "process group" > void example_2(){ > > std::audio_context ctx;//default context created with > std::default_* values > > //version 1: capture context via lambda > std::astream_process proc1(ctx,[&ctx](std::iastream const& > input, std::oastream& output){ > std::frame_buffer& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer(); > input>>buff; > for(auto&& frame: buff){ > frame*=3D0.5; > } > output< });//dsp object > > //version 2: have context passed as argument > std::astream_process proc2(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input, > std::oastream& output,std::audio_context const& context){ > std::frame_buffer& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer(); > input>>buff; > for(auto&& frame: buff){ > frame*=3D2.0; > } > output< }); > > std::process_group pgroup;//a group of processes that will > happen consecutivley > pgroup.push(proc1);//add to group > pgroup.push(proc2);//add to group > > //configure stream relationships in terms of std::ain / std:aout > manually > //std::ain/std::aout are std::astream globals that refer to the > default audio inputs and outputs supplied by the context in use > //std::ain/std::aout will route the audio to the enpoint specified by > the context reference held by the process that is streaming the data > std::aout< //std::ain>>proc2>>proc1>>std::aout;//method 2 > > pgroup.start(); > //do other stuff > pgroup.stop(); > > } > > > //std::audio example 3 "audio files" > void example_3(){ > > std::audio_context ctx; > > std::astream_process proc(ctx,[](std::iafstream const& input, > std::oafstream& output){ > std::frame_buffer& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer(); > input>>buff; > for(auto&& frame: buff){ > frame=3D0.0; > } > output< });//dsp object > > std::iafstream audio_file1(ctx,"filename1.extension");//an audio file > handle > std::oafstream audio_file2(ctx,"filename2.extension");//an audio file > handle > > //routing > audio_file2< file > //audio_file1>>proc>>audio_file2;//equivilent syntax > proc.start(); > //do other stuff > proc.stop(); > } > > > //std::audio example 4 "combination routing" > void example_3(){ > > std::audio_context ctx; > //manually select hardware endpoints > std::size_t device_id =3D ctx.default_device_id(); > std::iastream input_device =3D ctx.get_device( > device_id); > std::oastream output_device =3D ctx.get_device( > device_id); > > std::astream_process proc(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input, > std::oastream& output, > std::iafstream const& > input_file, > std::oafstream& output_file)= { > std::frame_buffer& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer(); > (input + input_file)>>buff;//add streams to perform sum before > writing to buffer > //or you could use seperate buffers > //like this > /* > std::frame_buffer buff1; > std::frame_buffer buff2; > > input>>buff1; > input_file>>buff2; > buff1+=3Dbuff2;//buffer arithmatic > */ > output< the file out > output_file< }); > > std::iafstream audio_file1(ctx,"filename1.extension");//the actual > files to be used above > std::oafstream audio_file2(ctx,"filename2.extension"); > > //connect the files to the process > //connect the hardware device to the process > audio_file2< output_device< proc.start(); > //do other stuff > proc.stop(); > } > > > > REQUIRED LIBRARY MEMBERS > > > namespace std{ > inline namespace audio{ > //working context for audio flow > template > class audio_context; > /* > *The context in which all audio data is centered. > *Contains: sampling rate, buffer size, frame size, etc... > *The values of ain,aout,afin,afout refer to the endpoints defined > by the context, when applied to routing on a porocess tied to the context > *think of a context as the program level driver object > */ > > //audio streams (think like std::fstream and its friends) > class astream;//audio stream > class oastream;//output audio stream > class iastream;//input audio stream > class oafstream;//output audio file stream > class iafstream;//input audio file stream > > > //stream endpoints > class ain;//audio input endpoint > class aout;//audio output endpoint > class afin;//audio file input endpoint > class afout//audio file output endpoint > > //stream processing > template > class astream_process;//a dsp process applied to a stream > > template > class process_group;//a group of processes that will act as one > > //containers > template > class frame_buffer;//a sequence container that is resizeable at > runtime, but only with explicit resize calls. contains frames(see below) > /*Implementation note on frame_buffer > *frame_buffer is intended to hold N number of frames which > themselves can hold M number of samples > *meaning that the total size in samples if frame_buffer =3D N * = M > *ideally frame_buffers representation of its sample data will be > continuous in memory > */ > > template > class frame;//a container that holds samples, thin array wrapper > > > //hardware representation > class device;//an audio device as recognized by the OS > class input_device;//an input device > class output_device;//an output device > > // audio file formats > enum class afformat{ > raw,//raw headerless audio bytes, interpreted only by the > settings of the context. > //best used for temporary storage within the life of a contex= t > wav, > flac//etc... > } > } > } > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to std-proposals+unsubscribe@isocpp.org. > To post to this group, send email to std-proposals@isocpp.org. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/a/isocpp.org/d/msgid/std-proposals/f490fd21-cf0= 7-4d7b-8936-c71c97a1ab9d%40isocpp.org > > . > --=20 You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "= ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an e= mail to std-proposals+unsubscribe@isocpp.org. To post to this group, send email to std-proposals@isocpp.org. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/a/isocpp= ..org/d/msgid/std-proposals/CAFdMc-0Dj4BGW0v8ORrcgGM54D5_ZunT2At0OWFEDFr-3CY= WBw%40mail.gmail.com. --94eb2c08e626d0615d05350bf791 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Sorry top posting or if this has been already pointed.
Is there any reason this hasn't been submitted to Boost and let it matu= re there for few years?

El 3/6/2016 6:37, <alexander.zywicki@gmail.com> escribi=C3=B3:
I hav= e drafted some ideas on how I think the c++ std library could support audio= functionality.

I know that audio functionality is a very operating= specific problem, but with the recent trend towards implementing a file-sy= stem library and possibly a graphics library I believe that audio would not= be too much of a reach anymore.

Here are some of the ideas I have s= o far. I have both some code examples of the intended usage as well as a li= st of the types needed to implement the given examples.

Please keep = in mind my drafts are still very rough.


CODE EXAMPLES

//std::audio example 1 "single process"
void example_1(= ){
= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 double sample_rate =3D 44100;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 s= td::siz= e_t frame_size =3D2;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::size_t buffer_size= =3D128;=

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::audio_context<= span style=3D"color:#080"><float> c= tx{samp= le_rate,buffer_size,frame_size};//contruct from values

= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::astream_process<float><= /span> proc(ctx,[](std::iastream co= nst& input, std::= oastream& output){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::frame_buffer<float>& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer();//borrow a buffer from the context for usage
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //prevents the need for dynamic allocation of a temp= orary buffer
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 input>>buff;//stream data into buffer for manipulation
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = for(aut= o&& frame: buff){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 frame=3D0.0;//do something with audi= o
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <= span style=3D"color:#660">}
=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 output<<buff;//stream to output=
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 });//dsp object
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 //uses implied routing equivilent = to
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //std::aout<<proc<<std::ain;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc.start();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //do other stuff=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc.stop();
}

//std::audio exam= ple 2 "process group"
void example_= 2(){

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::audio_context<f= loat> ctx;//default context created with std:= :default_* values

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //version 1: capture context via lambda
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::astream_process<float> proc1(ctx,[&ctx](std::iastream = const&a= mp; input, std= ::oastream& output){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= std::f= rame_buffer<float>& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer();
=C2=A0= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 input>>buff;<= span style=3D"color:#000">
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 for(auto&& frame: buff){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 frame<= /span>*=3D0.5<= /span>;
=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 }
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 output<<buff;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <= /span>});//dsp= object

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //version 2: have context passed as argument
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::astream_process<float> proc2(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input, std::oastream&a= mp; output,std= ::audio_context<float> const& context){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::frame_buffer<float>&= buff = =3D ctx= ..borrow_buffer();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= input>>buff;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 for<= /span>(auto&&= frame:= buff){=
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 frame*=3D2.0;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 }=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 output<&= lt;buff= ;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 });

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std<= /span>::proces= s_group<float> pgroup;//a group of processes that will happen consecutivley
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 pgroup.push(proc1);//add to group
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 pgroup= ..push(<= /span>proc2);<= /span>//add to group

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //configure s= tream relationships in terms of std::ain / std:aout manually
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //st= d::ain/std::aout are std::astream globals that refer to the default audio i= nputs and outputs supplied by the context in use
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //std::ain/std::= aout will route the audio to the enpoint specified by the context reference= held by the process that is streaming the data
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::aout<<= proc1<<<= /span>proc2<= ;<std::ain;= //method 1
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //std::ain>>pr= oc2>>proc1>>std::aout;//method 2

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 pgroup.start();<= span style=3D"color:#000">
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //do other stuff
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 pgro= up.stop= ();
=
}

//std::audio example 3 "au= dio files"
void example_3()= {

=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 std::audio_context<float> ctx;<= span style=3D"color:#000">

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::astream_process<float> proc(ctx,[](std::iafstream <= /span>const&am= p; input, std:= :oafstream& output){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= std::f= rame_buffer<float>& buff =3D ctx.borrow_buffer();
=C2=A0= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 input>>buff;<= span style=3D"color:#000">
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 for(auto&& frame: buff){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 frame<= /span>=3D0.0;
=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 }
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 output<<buff;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <= /span>});//dsp= object

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::iafstream audi= o_file1(ctx,&q= uot;filename1.extension");//an audio file handle
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::oafstream audio_file2(ctx,<= /span>"filename2.extension");//an audio file = handle

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //routing
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 audio_file2<<proc<<audio_file1;//take input from file nad write to file
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //audio_file1>>proc>>audio_file2;//equivilent syntax
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc.start();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //do other stuff=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc.stop();
}


//std::audio examp= le 4 "combination routing"
<= /span>void exa= mple_3()= {

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::audio_context= <float> ctx;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //manually select hardware endpoints
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::<= /span>size_t device_id =3D ctx.default_device_id();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = std::ia= stream input_device =3D ctx.get_device<std::input_device>(device_id)= ;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::oastream output_device = =3D ctx= .get_de= vice<std::o= utput_device>(device_id);

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std= ::astream_process<float> proc(ctx,[](std::iastream const& input,
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::<= /span>oastream= & output,
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::iafstream const& input_file,
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0std::oafstream& output_file){
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 std::frame_buffer<float>= & buff =3D ctx.borrow_bu= ffer();=
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 (<= span style=3D"color:#000">input +<= span style=3D"color:#000"> input_file)>= ;>buff;//add streams to perform sum before wr= iting to buffer
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 //or you could use seperate buffer= s
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <= span style=3D"color:#800">//like this
= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 /*
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::frame_buffer<float> buff1;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::frame_buffer<float> b= uff2;

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 input>>buff1;<= br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 input_file>>buff2;
= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 buff1+=3Dbuff2;//buffer arithmati= c
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 */
= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 output<<= ;buff;<= /span>//send the contents of buff to the hardwar= e out and the file out
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 output_file<<<= span style=3D"color:#000">buff;
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 });

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::iafstream audio_f= ile1(ct= x,"= ;filename1.extension");//the actual files to be used above
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 std::oafstream audio_file2(ctx,"filename2.extension"= );
<= br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //connect the files to t= he process
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //connect the hardware device to the process
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 audio_file2<<proc<<audio_file1;//take inpu= t from file
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 output_devic= e<<proc<<input_device;//also take from hardware=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc.start();
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 //do ot= her stuff
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 proc.stop();
}



REQUIRED LIBRA= RY MEMBERS


namespace std{
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 inline<= /span> namespa= ce audio{
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = //working context for audio flow
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 template<typename><= span style=3D"color:#000">
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class audio_context;
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 /*
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 *The context in which all audio data is centered.
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 *Contains: sampling rate, buffer size, frame size, etc= ....
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 *The values of ain,aout,afin,afout refer= to the endpoints defined by the context, when applied to routing on a poro= cess tied to the context
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 *think of a context= as the program level driver object
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 */

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //audio streams (think like std::fstream and its fri= ends)
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class astre= am;//au= dio stream
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= class = oastream;//output audio stream
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class iastream;//input audio stream
= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class<= span style=3D"color:#000"> oafstream;//output audio file stream
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class iafstream;//input audio file strea= m


=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = //stream endpoints
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class ain;//audio input endpoint
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class aout;//audio output endpoint<= /span>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class afin= ;//audio file = input endpoint
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 class afout//audio file output endpoint

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = //stream processing
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 temp= late<typename>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class astream_process;//a dsp process applie= d to a stream

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= =C2=A0 template<typename>
=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class process_group;//a group of processes that will act as one<= span style=3D"color:#000">

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //containers
=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 template<= span style=3D"color:#080"><typename>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class frame_buffer;//a sequence container that is resize= able at runtime, but only with explicit resize calls. contains frames(see b= elow)
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 /*Implementation note on frame_buffer
=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*frame_buffer is intended to hold N number o= f frames which themselves can hold M number of samples
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*meaning that the total size in samples if frame_buffer = =3D N * M
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*ideally frame_buffers repre= sentation of its sample data will be continuous in memory
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 */

=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 template<typename>
=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class frame;//a container that holds samples, thin array wrapper


=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //hardware representation
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class device;//an audio device as recognized= by the OS
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= class = input_device;//an input device
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 class output_device;//an output device
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 // audio= file formats
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 enum class= afformat{
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 raw,//raw headerless audio bytes,= interpreted only by the settings of the context.
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 //best used for temporary storage within the life of a context=
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 wav,
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 flac//etc...
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 }
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 }
}



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